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Evolution Korea South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist tendencies. Nonetheless, it is healthier than one would expect. The country is looking for an entirely new model of development. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for the ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. But there are signs that a secularist culture is beginning to emerge. Origins In the prehistoric era the ancestors of the modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Then around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and even made furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. 무료 에볼루션 established an industry of metallurgy, which produced bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other countries and introduced celadon and block printing to Japan and also art styles and a written language and paper making. Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure in which a monarch and senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the majority of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens, and often required them to serve in the army or work on projects for the government like building fortifications. Onjo Prince Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje towards the end of the time. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest part of the peninsula, and clashed with China's commandos and Goguryeo's in the region. Baekje included elements of Confucian thinking into its state beliefs and made the male centered filiopiety idea an official doctrine in 1390 CE. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They were expected to be obeyed by everyone and admired by even their children and grandchildren. Goryeo, a nation which ruled from 918 until 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based on the patterns created by the mouth while pronouncing. This greatly improved communication and led to an increase in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable type were also refined. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi or “History of the Three Kingdoms” was the first to be recorded. Development in Korea The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of cist graves lined with stone, and decorated with valuable items like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, built from huge single stones, are prevalent throughout the country. In the first second half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. After that, the peninsula was ruled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. Moreover, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians do not believe to be a valid Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. Baekje, the most powerful of these states, was weakened by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE) leaving only its southern territories in Manchuria and the its western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, prospered for a while. The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to collaborate to expand their territories. Silla with the aid of the Chinese, eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935. As Korea enters the post-crisis era, its development paradigm appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the enormous cost of the old system advocate an extensive program of liberalization of capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand the people who support the old system try to preserve it through nationalist sentiments, as well as by exaggerating fears about possible job losses. Academics and analysts are divided over the extent to which Korea's growth is influenced by these two trends. This article reviews developments to date, by looking at five phases of Korea's political evolution including democratic illiberalism (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to the present). This article also identifies significant factors that may be shaping these processes. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views among this population. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there wasn't enough scientific evidence to support evolution; 39% said the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs; and 17% said it was difficult to comprehend. This level of doubt is similar to that in the United States, where a similar percentage of people are not convinced that humans evolved from earlier forms of life. In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea was focused on teaching students and bringing Christ to them. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event attracted a large number of professors, church leaders, and scientists. The event's success led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 in 1980. The event was extensively covered in national newspapers including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times. KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the organization published its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several film strips and slides from ICR as well as a few books on creationism which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks in universities and churches across the country. One instance of an KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and secured support to build an enlightened museum on campus. In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION that covers topics related to creation science. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established local branches that hold seminars and present talks to schoolchildren and community groups. The evolution of South Korea In the late 19th century and into the early 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. At this time, the famous samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, were loved by the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers as well as other instruments of music. Korea's new development model is being created in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The primary challenge facing the new regime is to find the right balance between state-led economic policies and market-based ones. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring, or disciplining systems that have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 & 4. Baekje was founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo, was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo, and other areas and also by a migrant from northern China. Baekje was a major regional power in the early 4th century extended its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. It was therefore in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies on the border. The decline of Silla in the 8th and early 9th centuries enabled strong local factions to emerge. Gungye an eminent noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and held control over a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo. However his rule was not long-lasting. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla, later incorporated Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central ruling system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula as well as in Manchuria.